APA+Style+Guide

References

‍**Basic Format for Books**
Calfee, R. C., & Valencia, R. R. (1991). //APA guide to preparing manuscripts for journal publication//. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

‍**Edited Book, No Author**
Duncan, G. J., & Brooks-Gunn, J. (Eds.). (1997). //Consequences of growing up poor//. New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation.

‍**Edited Book with an Author or Authors**
Plath, S. (2000). //The unabridged journals.// K.V. Kukil, (Ed.). New York, NY: Anchor.

‍**Edition Other Than the First**
Helfer, M. E., Kempe, R. S., & Krugman, R. D. (1997). //The battered child// (5th ed.). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

‍**Multivolume Work**
Wiener, P. (Ed.). (1973). //Dictionary of the history of ideas// (Vols. 1-4). New York, NY: Scribner's.

‍**An Entry in an Encyclopedia**
Bergmann, P. G. (1993). Relativity. In //The new encyclopedia britannica// (Vol. 26, pp. 501-508). Chicago, IL: Encyclopedia Britannica.

‍**Work Discussed in a Secondary Source**
List the source the work was discussed in: Coltheart, M., Curtis, B., Atkins, P., & Haller, M. (1993). Models of reading aloud: Dual-route and parallel-distributed-processing approaches. //Psychological Review, 100//, 589-608.

‍**Government Document**
National Institute of Mental Health. (1990). //Clinical training in serious mental illness// (DHHS Publication No. ADM 90-1679). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

‍**Report From a Private Organization**
American Psychiatric Association. (2000). //Practice guidelines for the treatment of patients with eating disorders// (2nd ed.). Washington, DC: Author.

‍**Conference Proceedings**
Schnase, J. L., & Cunnius, E. L. (Eds.). (1995). Proceedings from CSCL '95: //The First International Conference on Computer Support for Collaborative Learning//. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.

‍**Article From an Online Periodical**
Online articles follow the same guidelines for printed articles. Include all information the online host makes available, including an issue number in parentheses. Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date of publication). Title of article. //Title of Online Periodical, volume number//(issue number if available). Retrieved from []

Bernstein, M. (2002). 10 tips on writing the living Web. //A list apart: For people who make websites, 149//. Retrieved from []

‍**Online Scholarly Journal Article: Citing DOIs**
//Because online materials can potentially change URLs, APA recommends providing a Digital Object Identifier (DOI), when it is available, as opposed to the URL. DOIs are an attempt to provide stable, long-lasting links for online articles. They are unique to their documents and consist of a long alphanumeric code. Many-but not all-publishers will provide an article's DOI on the first page of the document.// //Note that some online bibliographies provide an article's DOI but may "hide" the code under a button which may read "Article" or may be an abbreviation of a vendors name like "CrossRef" or "PubMed." This button will usually lead the user to the full article which will include the DOI. Find DOI's from print publications or ones that go to dead links with CrossRef.org's "DOI Resolver," which is displayed in a central location on their home page.//

‍**Article From an Online Periodical with DOI Assigned**
Brownlie, D. (2007). Toward effective poster presentations: An annotated bibliography. //European Journal of Marketing, 41//(11/12), 1245-1283. doi:10.1108/03090560710821161

‍**Article From an Online Periodical with no DOI Assigned**
Kenneth, I. A. (2000). A Buddhist response to the nature of human rights. //Journal of Buddhist Ethics, 8//. Retrieved from []

‍**Newspaper Article**
====‍Parker-Pope, T. (2008, May 6). Psychiatry handbook linked to drug industry. //The New York Times//. Retrieved from [|http://www.nytimes.com]====

‍**Electronic Books**
//Electronic books may include books found on personal websites, databases, or even in audio form. Use the following format if the book you are using is only provided in a digital format or is difficult to find in print. If the work is not directly available online or must be purchased, use "Available from," rather than "Retrieved from," and point readers to where they can find it. For books available in print form and electronic form, include the publish date in parentheses after the author's name.// De Huff, E. W. (n.d.). //Taytay’s tales: Traditional Pueblo Indian tales//. Retrieved from [] Davis, J. (n.d.). //Familiar birdsongs of the Northwest//. Available from []

‍**Chapter/Section of a Web document or Online Book Chapter**
Engelshcall, R. S. (1997). Module mod_rewrite: URL Rewriting Engine. In //Apache HTTP Server Version 1.3 Documentation// (Apache modules). Retrieved from [] Peckinpaugh, J. (2003). Change in the Nineties. In J. S. Bough and G. B. DuBois (Eds.), //A century of growth in America//. Retrieved from GoldStar database.


 * NOTE**: Use a chapter or section identifier and provide a URL that links directly to the chapter section, not the home page of the Web site.

‍**Dissertation/Thesis from a Database**
Biswas, S. (2008). //Dopamine D3 receptor: A neuroprotective treatment target in Parkinson's disease//. Retrieved from ProQuest Digital Dissertations. (AAT 3295214)

‍**Online Encyclopedias and Dictionaries**
//Often encyclopedias and dictionaries do not provide bylines (authors' names). When no byline is present, move the entry name to the front of the citation. Provide publication dates if present or specify (n.d.) if no date is present in the entry.// Feminism. (n.d.). In //Encyclopædia Britannica online//. Retrieved from []

‍**Online Bibliographies and Annotated Bibliographies**
Jürgens, R. (2005). //HIV/AIDS and HCV in Prisons: A Select Annotated Bibliography//. Retrieved from []

‍**Data Sets**
//Point readers to raw data by providing a Web address (use "Retrieved from") or a general place that houses data sets on the site (use "Available from").// United States Department of Housing and Urban Development. (2008). //Indiana income limits// [Data file]. Retrieved from [] ====‍**Graphic Data (e.g. Interactive Maps and Other Graphic Representations of Dat****a)**==== //Give the name of the researching organization followed by the date. In brackets, provide a brief explanation of what type of data is there and in what form it appears. Finally, provide the project name and retrieval information.// Solar Radiation and Climate Experiment. (2007). [Graph illustration the SORCE Spectral Plot May 8, 2008]. //Solar Spectral Data Access from the SIM, SOLSTICE, and XPS Instruments//. Retrieved from [] spectra.ion

‍**Qualitative Data and Online Interviews**
//If an interview is not retrievable in audio or print form, cite the interview only in the text (not in the reference list) and provide the month, day, and year in the text. If an audio file or transcript is available online, use the following model, specifying the medium in brackets (e.g. [Interview transcript, Interview audio file]):// Butler, C. (Interviewer) & Stevenson, R. (Interviewee). (1999). //Oral History 2// [Interview transcript]. Retrieved from Johnson Space Center Oral Histories Project Web site: http:// www11.jsc.nasa.gov/history/oral_histories/oral_histories.htm

‍**Online Lecture Notes and Presentation Slides**
//When citing online lecture notes, be sure to provide the file format in brackets after the lecture title (e.g. PowerPoint slides, Word document).// Hallam, A. //Duality in consumer theory// [PDF document]. Retrieved from Lecture Notes Online Web site: [] Roberts, K. F. (1998). //Federal regulations of chemicals in the environment// [PowerPoint slides]. Retrieved from []

‍**Nonperiodical Web Document, Web Page, or Report**
//List as much of the following information as possible (you sometimes have to hunt around to find the information; don't be lazy. If there is a page like [], and somepage.htm doesn't have the information you're looking for, move up the URL to []):// //Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date of publication). Title of document. Retrieved from [|http://Web] address// Angeli, E., Wagner, J., Lawrick, E., Moore, K., Anderson, M., Soderland, L., & Brizee, A. (2010, May 5). General format. Retrieved from []
 * NOTE**: When an Internet document is more than one Web page, provide a URL that links to the home page or entry page for the document. Also, if there isn't a date available for the document use (n.d.) for no date.

‍**Computer Software/Downloaded Software**
//Do not cite standard office software (e.g. Word, Excel) or programming languages. Provide references only for specialized software.// Ludwig, T. (2002). PsychInquiry [computer software]. New York: Worth.

//Software that is downloaded from a Web site should provide the software’s version and year when available.//

Hayes, B., Tesar, B., & Zuraw, K. (2003). OTSoft: Optimality Theory Software (Version 2.1) [Software]. Available from []

‍**Online Forum or Discussion Board Posting**
//Include the title of the message, and the URL of the newsgroup or discussion board. Please note that titles for items in online communities (e.g. blogs, newsgroups, forums) are not italicized. If the author's name is not available, provide the screen name. Place identifiers like post or message numbers, if available, in brackets. If available, provide the URL where the message is archived (e.g. "Message posted to..., archived at...").// Frook, B. D. (1999, July 23). New inventions in the cyberworld of toylandia [Msg 25]. Message posted to []

‍**Blog (Weblog) and Video Blog Post**
//Include the title of the message and the URL. Please note that titles for items in online communities (e.g. blogs, newsgroups, forums) are not italicized. If the author’s name is not available, provide the screen name.// J Dean. (2008, May 7). When the self emerges: Is that me in the mirror? [Web log comment]. Retrieved from [] Psychology Video Blog #3 [Video file]. Retrieved from []

‍**Wikis**
//Please note that the APA Style Guide to Electronic References warns writers that wikis (like Wikipedia, for example) are collaborative projects that cannot guarantee the verifiability or expertise of their entries.// OLPC Peru/Arahuay. (n.d.). Retrieved April 29, 2011 from the OLPC Wiki: [|http://wiki.laptop]. org/go/OLPC_Peru/Arahuay

‍**Audio Podcast**
//For all podcasts, provide as much information as possible; not all of the following information will be available. Possible addition identifiers may include Producer, Director, etc.// Bell, T. & Phillips, T. (2008, May 6). A solar flare. //Science @ NASA Podcast//. Podcast retrieved from []

‍**Video Podcasts**
Scott, D. (Producer). (2007, January 5). The community college classroom [Episode 7]. //Adventures in Education//. Podcast retrieved from [|http://www.adveeducation.com]

‍**Single Author**
Last name first, followed by author initials. Berndt, T. J. (2002). Friendship quality and social development. //Current Directions in Psychological Science, 11//, 7-10.

‍**Two Authors**
List by their last names and initials. Use the ampersand instead of "and." Wegener, D. T., & Petty, R. E. (1994). Mood management across affective states: The hedonic contingency hypothesis. //Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 66//, 1034-1048.

‍**Three to Seven Authors**
List by last names and initials; commas separate author names, while the last author name is preceded again by ampersand. Kernis, M. H., Cornell, D. P., Sun, C. R., Berry, A., Harlow, T., & Bach, J. S. (1993). There's more to self-esteem than whether it is high or low: The importance of stability of self-esteem. //Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65//, 1190-1204.

‍**More Than Seven Authors**
Miller, F. H., Choi, M. J., Angeli, L. L., Harland, A. A., Stamos, J. A., Thomas, S. T.,. . . Rubin, L. H. (2009). Web site usability for the blind and low-vision user. //Technical Communication, 57//, 323-335.

‍**Organization as Author**
American Psychological Association. (2003).

‍**Unknown Author**
//Merriam-Webster's collegiate dictionary// (10th ed.).(1993). Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster.

‍__ In-Text Citation __
When using APA format, follow the author-date method of in-text citation. This means that the author's last name and the year of publication for the source should appear in the text, for example, (Jones, 1998), and a complete reference should appear in the reference list at the end of the paper. If you are referring to an idea from another work but **NOT** directly quoting the material, or making reference to an entire book, article or other work, you only have to make reference to the author and year of publication and not the page number in your in-text reference. All sources that are cited in the text must appear in the reference list at the end of the paper.

//If you are directly quoting from a work, you will need to include the author, year of publication, and the page number for the reference (preceded by "p."). Introduce the quotation with a signal phrase that includes the author's last name followed by the date of publication in parentheses.//
 * Short Quotations**

According to Jones (1998), "Students often had difficulty using APA style, especially when it was their first time" (p. 199). Jones (1998) found "students often had difficulty using APA style" (p. 199); what implications does this have for teachers?

//If the author is not named in a signal phrase, place the author's last name, the year of publication, and the page number in parentheses after the quotation.// She stated, "Students often had difficulty using APA style" (Jones, 1998, p. 199), but she did not offer an explanation as to why.

References for this page: Purdue Online Writing Lab (2011)//. Retrieved from []///